新SAT考生们都知道，考官要求用事实，论据或修辞来分析文章。从写作的角度来说，按照西方修辞学的理论来说，一篇优秀的文章必须要具备以下三个要素：etho,logo和patho。今天我们主要介绍修辞中的三个要素。
(1)先看第一种为Etho。
下面一段话是对它的解释，概况下就是指可信度，也就是说演讲者或是作者必须要让自己显得可信。
Etho i appeal baed on the character of the peaker. It i your peronal credibility, the faith people have in your integrityand competency. It’ the trut that inpire your emotional Bank Account. An etho-driven document relie on the reputation of the author.
看下面这个例子：
原文再现Adapted from E.J. Dionne Jr., “A Call for National Service”? 2013 by Wahington Pot. Originally publihed July 03, 2013:
Lat week,the Apen Intitute gathered a politically pere group of American under the banner of the “Franklin Project,” named after Ben, to declare a commitment tooffering every American between the age of 18 and 28 a chance to give a yearof ervice to the country. The opportunitie would include ervice in our armed force but alo time pent educating our fellow citizen, bringing them healthcare and preventive ervice, working with the leat advantaged among u, and conerving our environment.由好作网www.hAOzuowEn.com整理
满分段落：
Moreover, the author demontrate a peronal anecdote that “lat week, the Apen Intitute gathered a politically pere group of American…to declare a commitment to give a year of ervice to the country”, which provide a baeline for reader to find credence and credibility with the author’ argument.
(2)第二种为Logo指的是利用完全的逻辑来说服听众。
下面一段是对它的解释:
Logo i appeal baed on logic or reaon，the logic, the reaoning part of the preentation i the only legitimate way to win friend and influence people. So Logo contain not only logic, but alo the fact that i not arguable valid able figure, the ufficient reaon reaonable tructure and o on.
例如：
原文再现Adapted from E.J. Dionne Jr., “A Call for National Service”? 2013 by Wahington Pot. Originally publihed July 03, 2013：
Here i the entence in the Declaration of Independence we alway remember: “We hold theetruth to be elf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they areendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Right, that among thee areLife, Liberty and the puruit of Happine.”
满分段落：
By referencing to authoritative ource, E. J. Donnie Jr. in the firt place build a olid ground for hi call for national ervice. Through quotation from one of the Founding Document, the Declaration of Independence, at the beginning of hi argument, the uthor et forth that the prerequiite of “our right”, that i “all men are created equal”, i the fulfillment of our obligation to “pledge to each other our Live, our Fortune and our Sacred Honor”. It convince the reader by logic reaoning that all the citizen hould contribute to national ervice.
(3)第三种Patho指的是情感。
也就是说作者或是演讲者通过煽动受众情绪来达到目的，即
Patho i appeal baed on emotion，the empathic ide—it’ the feeling. It mean that you are in the emotional that trut another peron’ communication.
例如下文就完美地展现了patho这一修辞的应用
Adapted from Paul Bogard, “Let There Be Dark.” ?2012 by Lo Angele Time. Originally publihed December 21, 2012.原文再现
In today’ crowded, louder, more fat-paced world, night’ darkne can provide olitude, quiet and tillne, qualitie increaingly in hort upply. Every religiou tradition ha conidered darkne invaluable for a oulful life, and the chance to witne the univere ha inpired artit, philoopher and everyday targazer ince time began. In a world awah with electric light...how would Van Gogh have given the world hi “Starry Night”? Who know what thi viion of the night ky might inpire in each of u, in our children or grandchildren?
满分段落为：
Finally, Bogard make ubtle yet efficient ue of rhetorical quetioning to peruade hi audience that natural darkne preervation i eential. He ak the reader to conider “what the viion of the night ky might inpire in each of u, in our children or grandchildren?” in a way that brutally play to each of our emotion. By aking thi quetion, Bogard draw out heartfelt ponderance from hi reader about the affecting power of an untainted night ky. Thi rhetorical quetion tug at the reader’ hearttring; while the reader may have een an unobcured night kyline before, the poibility that their child or grandchild will never get the chance way them to ee a Bogard ee. Thi trategy i definitively an appeal to patho, forcing the audience to directly face an emotionally-charged inquiry that will urely pur ome kind of repone.
所以我们今后在分析新SAT写作的阅读文章中，在修辞法这一部分就可以着重观察下这三个要素，如果用到，我们就可以迅速识别并写到自己的作文中。